diff --git a/AGENTS.md b/AGENTS.md
index edefa8c..faa13bb 100644
--- a/AGENTS.md
+++ b/AGENTS.md
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
 - A04须截留真实task.assign并独立确认LEASED/未授权，再强杀旧节点、Wait确认退出、新节点等原租约自然到期；不能把已送达未开始替代未送达。COMMIT故障工具只在测试二进制：BEFORE阻止COMMIT，AFTER核验真实MySQL成功包后丢确认；独立连接回读，原身份/候选恢复，禁止在生产增加故障开关或将HTTP丢回执替代数据库提交不明。
 - W16下一轮时钟只能在PENDING结果已保存等待后存在，三方竞争中的结果参与者是旧结果重放；新结果/未知/冲突另有在途查询回归。保持原受理时间、事件时间、截止与预算，不能凭有限入队顺序声称穷尽线程交错。
 
-- P6进程观测使用internal/observability固定指标目录，拒绝未知名称、类型和动态标签，不能引入任务/租户/业务键/凭据维度。ORBIT_METRICS_ADDR默认空（关闭），显式启用独立采集监听；业务端口不得暴露全局指标。渲染和网络I/O不持有全局记录锁，每个直方图局部快照保持桶/count/sum一致，最多2个并发抓取。
+- P6进程观测使用internal/observability固定指标目录，拒绝未知名称、类型和动态标签，不能引入任务/租户/业务键/凭据维度。ORBIT_METRICS_ADDR默认空（关闭），显式启用独立采集监听；业务端口不得暴露全局指标。渲染和网络I/O不持有全局记录锁，每个直方图局部快照保持桶/count/sum一致，最多2个并发抓取。启用指标后的5秒后台采样使用000026固定索引读取任务、交付和流程状态，每个状态最多10000条、900ms数据库截止；采样失败保留最后成功状态并独立记录错误/超时，不能影响业务事务或把有限样本当全局精确数。
 - HTTP成功升级在Hijack完成时记录握手，WS处理器存续计入独立连接指标；保持1xx临时响应、Flush、Hijack与原panic行为。DB池取本地Stats，抓取不查询业务库；后台批次success不是业务任务成功量。观测丢样或失败不得改变权威事务及恢复决定。
-- 进程指标、格式验证、告警规则和标准回归证据见docs/reports/phase-6-observability.md。仍须补受理/授权/完成与流程推进延迟、持久吞吐/积压、重试/核查/恢复量、发送队列、实际采集告警及负载开销，不能把进程观测通过写成P6已完成。普通清理仍须保护有效幂等、未确认事件、未知结果和未终结流程。
+- 进程指标、固定状态采样、格式验证、告警规则和标准回归证据见docs/reports/phase-6-observability.md及docs/reports/phase-6-business-observability.md。仍须补受理/授权/完成与流程推进延迟、持久吞吐/积压的全局聚合、重试/核查/恢复量、发送队列、实际采集告警及负载开销，不能把进程观测通过写成P6已完成。普通清理仍须保护有效幂等、未确认事件、未知结果和未终结流程。
 - 凭据轮换保留credential_id及订阅/Worker授权绑定，在同一事务替换摘要、固定到期时间、幂等回执和管理审计；新令牌必须重新建立会话，认证路径每次重新核对凭据状态。撤销必须让认证失效并保留原任务、订阅、交付、会话和审计证据，允许在应用或命名空间停用后执行；重复应用同一固定操作幂等返回。管理CLI先把固定操作文件写成0600，再提交；提交不明时保留文件并用原文件重放，不能重新生成秘密。日志、审计摘要、指标和业务表不得保存秘密原文或摘要。不要把轮换同一凭据ID解释成历史令牌仍有效，也不得级联删除订阅、任务或事件。
diff --git a/cmd/orbit/main.go b/cmd/orbit/main.go
index 665fc7e..ad803d1 100644
--- a/cmd/orbit/main.go
+++ b/cmd/orbit/main.go
@@ -192,6 +192,25 @@ func run() error {
 				case <-ticker.C:
 					metrics.RecordDatabase(db.Stats())
 					metrics.RecordProcess()
+					started := time.Now()
+					call, cancel := context.WithTimeout(metricsCtx, 900*time.Millisecond)
+					snapshot, err := mysql.ReadOperationalSnapshot(call, db)
+					cancel()
+					metrics.RecordBusinessSnapshot(observability.BusinessSnapshot{
+						TaskStates: snapshot.TaskStates, TaskOldestAgeSeconds: snapshot.TaskOldestAgeSeconds,
+						DeliveryStates: snapshot.DeliveryStates, DeliveryOldestAgeSeconds: snapshot.DeliveryOldestAgeSeconds,
+						WorkflowStates: snapshot.WorkflowStates, WorkflowOldestAgeSeconds: snapshot.WorkflowOldestAgeSeconds,
+						Truncated: snapshot.Truncated,
+					}, started, err)
+					if err != nil && metricsCtx.Err() == nil {
+						reason := "query_error"
+						if errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+							reason = "timeout"
+						} else if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+							reason = "cancelled"
+						}
+						slog.Error("business metrics snapshot failed", "node_id", node, "reason", reason)
+					}
 				}
 			}
 		}()
diff --git a/deploy/monitoring/orbit.rules.test.yml b/deploy/monitoring/orbit.rules.test.yml
index cf97dd4..18ce0a0 100644
--- a/deploy/monitoring/orbit.rules.test.yml
+++ b/deploy/monitoring/orbit.rules.test.yml
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ tests:
         values: '0+0x180'
       - series: 'orbit_runtime_batch_last_success_timestamp_seconds{job="orbit",instance="node-a",component="workflow"}'
         values: '0+0x180'
+      - series: 'orbit_business_snapshot_last_success_timestamp_seconds{job="orbit",instance="node-a"}'
+        values: '0+0x180'
     alert_rule_test:
       - eval_time: 60s
         alertname: OrbitRuntimeBatchStalled
@@ -33,6 +35,13 @@ tests:
             exp_annotations:
               summary: "Orbit background component has no recent successful batch"
               description: "Inspect database availability, schema readiness and batch errors before changing limits or retrying business effects."
+      - eval_time: 130s
+        alertname: OrbitBusinessSnapshotStalled
+        exp_alerts:
+          - exp_labels: {job: orbit, instance: node-a, severity: warning}
+            exp_annotations:
+              summary: "Orbit has no recent successful business-state snapshot"
+              description: "Inspect the bounded sampler timeout/error counter and MySQL health; the last state gauges may be stale."
   - name: healthy_batches_and_waits
     interval: 1s
     input_series:
@@ -48,12 +57,18 @@ tests:
         values: '0+0x400'
       - series: 'orbit_observability_rejected_samples_total{job="orbit",instance="node-a"}'
         values: '0+0x400'
+      - series: 'orbit_business_snapshot_last_success_timestamp_seconds{job="orbit",instance="node-a"}'
+        values: '0+1x400'
+      - series: 'orbit_business_snapshot_truncated{job="orbit",instance="node-a"}'
+        values: '0+0x400'
     alert_rule_test:
       - {eval_time: 400s, alertname: OrbitMetricsUnavailable, exp_alerts: []}
       - {eval_time: 400s, alertname: OrbitRuntimeBatchStalled, exp_alerts: []}
       - {eval_time: 400s, alertname: OrbitRuntimeBatchErrors, exp_alerts: []}
       - {eval_time: 400s, alertname: OrbitDBPoolWaiting, exp_alerts: []}
       - {eval_time: 400s, alertname: OrbitInvalidMetricUpdates, exp_alerts: []}
+      - {eval_time: 400s, alertname: OrbitBusinessSnapshotStalled, exp_alerts: []}
+      - {eval_time: 400s, alertname: OrbitBusinessSnapshotTruncated, exp_alerts: []}
   - name: failing_batches_waits_and_invalid_samples_then_recover
     interval: 1s
     input_series:
@@ -63,6 +78,10 @@ tests:
         values: '0+1x400 400+0x400'
       - series: 'orbit_observability_rejected_samples_total{job="orbit",instance="node-a"}'
         values: '0+1x400 400+0x400'
+      - series: 'orbit_business_snapshot_last_success_timestamp_seconds{job="orbit",instance="node-a"}'
+        values: '0+0x800'
+      - series: 'orbit_business_snapshot_truncated{job="orbit",instance="node-a"}'
+        values: '1+0x400 0+0x400'
     alert_rule_test:
       - eval_time: 400s
         alertname: OrbitRuntimeBatchErrors
@@ -85,6 +104,14 @@ tests:
             exp_annotations:
               summary: "Orbit rejected an internal metrics update"
               description: "Check instrumentation changes for unsupported names, types, labels or counter regressions."
+      - eval_time: 400s
+        alertname: OrbitBusinessSnapshotTruncated
+        exp_alerts:
+          - exp_labels: {job: orbit, instance: node-a, severity: warning}
+            exp_annotations:
+              summary: "Orbit business-state snapshot reached its sample cap"
+              description: "State gauges are bounded samples, not exact global counts; use authoritative database queries and capacity review."
       - {eval_time: 800s, alertname: OrbitRuntimeBatchErrors, exp_alerts: []}
       - {eval_time: 800s, alertname: OrbitDBPoolWaiting, exp_alerts: []}
       - {eval_time: 800s, alertname: OrbitInvalidMetricUpdates, exp_alerts: []}
+      - {eval_time: 800s, alertname: OrbitBusinessSnapshotTruncated, exp_alerts: []}
diff --git a/deploy/monitoring/orbit.rules.yml b/deploy/monitoring/orbit.rules.yml
index ae1cc87..90292a3 100644
--- a/deploy/monitoring/orbit.rules.yml
+++ b/deploy/monitoring/orbit.rules.yml
@@ -25,6 +25,22 @@ groups:
         annotations:
           summary: "Orbit background batches are failing"
           description: "Use process logs and durable task/workflow audit to investigate. Batch errors are not business failures."
+      - alert: OrbitBusinessSnapshotStalled
+        expr: (time() - orbit_business_snapshot_last_success_timestamp_seconds{job="orbit"} > 30) and on (job, instance) (time() - orbit_process_start_time_seconds{job="orbit"} > 60)
+        for: 1m
+        labels:
+          severity: warning
+        annotations:
+          summary: "Orbit has no recent successful business-state snapshot"
+          description: "Inspect the bounded sampler timeout/error counter and MySQL health; the last state gauges may be stale."
+      - alert: OrbitBusinessSnapshotTruncated
+        expr: orbit_business_snapshot_truncated{job="orbit"} == 1
+        for: 5m
+        labels:
+          severity: warning
+        annotations:
+          summary: "Orbit business-state snapshot reached its sample cap"
+          description: "State gauges are bounded samples, not exact global counts; use authoritative database queries and capacity review."
       - alert: OrbitDBPoolWaiting
         expr: rate(orbit_db_wait_duration_seconds_total{job="orbit"}[5m]) > 0.1
         for: 5m
diff --git a/docs/07-data-model.md b/docs/07-data-model.md
index 5d43074..04034cc 100644
--- a/docs/07-data-model.md
+++ b/docs/07-data-model.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # 数据模型与实现基线
 
-更新：2026-09-18。数据库统一禁止外键。当前已实现任务执行、安全重试、运行中取消、计划调度、队列限速/背压和应用配额；优先级及节点公平领取已实现；可靠订阅核心、HTTP/WSS、管理与消费 SDK 已实现，独立 Inbox 场景已实现，流程编排继续开发。
+更新：2026-09-18。数据库统一禁止外键。当前迁移版本为26；000026只增加固定业务观测读取所需索引，不增加实体或字段。当前已实现任务执行、安全重试、运行中取消、计划调度、队列限速/背压和应用配额；优先级及节点公平领取已实现；可靠订阅核心、HTTP/WSS、管理与消费 SDK 已实现，独立 Inbox 场景已实现，流程编排继续开发。
 
 ## 1. 模块与依赖
 
@@ -245,3 +245,7 @@ Event.WorkflowID为只读STORED生成列，从原不可变事件派生流程归
 新运行器将PENDING信号的消费、拒绝或过期与原状态事件同事务保存，批量拒绝分32条追加但整笔事务原子提交。公开查询核对固定版本全部队列、步骤/信号归属及历史激活。原始事件按数据库记录时间分页，版本与时间均不构成可靠消费水位。详见[状态时间线接口](api/workflow-events.md)与[验证报告](reports/phase-5-events.md)。
 
 升级先停止旧写入节点，应用000025再启新版本，防止混合节点继续遗漏信号转换；生成列和索引涉及历史行扫描与可能的表重建，需预演维护窗口、磁盘和锁等待。严格SQL模式下先校验十六进制字符再转换，异常历史范围保留NULL，不清理原记录。
+
+## 有界业务观测索引（000026）
+
+000026只增加三组读取索引：`pulse_tasks(state,available_at,id)`、`orbit_deliveries(state,available_at,id)`和`weave_instances(state,updated_at,id)`。它们服务于后台有界观测，不改变任何模型字段、状态机、事务边界或授权规则，也不包含外键或级联。采样器只使用代码固定的表、索引、状态和列名，每个状态最多读取10000条；结果达到上限时必须通过指标暴露截断，不能把样本数解释为全库精确数量。迁移后仍要求服务层 `CheckSchema` 验证零外键，真实升级见[有界业务采样报告](reports/phase-6-business-observability.md)。
diff --git a/docs/08-development-plan.md b/docs/08-development-plan.md
index a892cb7..ba4f5e2 100644
--- a/docs/08-development-plan.md
+++ b/docs/08-development-plan.md
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ P4/P5定时等待与后续查询轮次的实现及回归记录见[时钟报告](
 ### P6 首批实施顺序
 
 1. 已补[首批可复现故障工具](reports/phase-6-fault-boundaries.md)：A04“派发已提交但消息尚未送达”、W01/W13事务提交结果不明，以及W16最终回执/旧PENDING结果重放/下一轮竞争。每个切点必须有实际数据库或进程证据，不能用响应错误推断事务是否已提交，也不能用普通SIGNAL竞争替代最终查询场景。
-2. 已实现[基础运行观测](api/observability.md)：HTTP/WS、数据库连接池、后台批次和进程指标，以及可离线验证的告警规则；独立采集监听默认关闭，固定指标目录拒绝动态标签。仍需受理/授权/完成阶段延迟与持久吞吐、流程推进延迟、重试/核查/恢复量、待处理与到期积压、发送队列及生产采集/通知验证。
+2. 已实现[基础运行观测](api/observability.md)及[有界业务状态采样](reports/phase-6-business-observability.md)：HTTP/WS、数据库连接池、后台批次、固定状态计数、最早年龄、截断/新鲜度指标和可离线验证的告警规则；独立采集监听默认关闭，固定指标目录拒绝动态标签。仍需受理/授权/完成阶段延迟与持久吞吐、流程推进延迟、重试/核查/恢复量、全局发送队列、多节点聚合及生产采集/通知验证。
 3. 已补齐受保护管理环境中的固定凭据操作文件、轮换、撤销、幂等回执和脱敏管理审计；轮换保留授权绑定并要求新令牌重新建立会话，撤销允许在停用范围内执行且不改写历史记录。仍需补齐提交不明故障切点、多节点安全重绑演练、凭据最小权限配置核对和生产密钥托管/审计演练。
 4. 实现保留/归档与受保护记录核对，再执行备份恢复、兼容升级和六类容量负载。未确认交付、有效幂等身份、当前/历史执行证据和未终结流程不能被普通清理破坏。生产HA及RPO/RTO继续按实际拓扑验证，不缩减为本机多进程检查。
 
diff --git a/docs/README.md b/docs/README.md
index d8fb967..4e2b089 100644
--- a/docs/README.md
+++ b/docs/README.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 - 文档版本：0.2
 - 整理日期：2026-09-17
-- 阶段：P0–P5平台功能已通过阶段回归；[P4/P5原范围核对](reports/phase-4-5.md)和[首批故障边界](reports/phase-6-fault-boundaries.md)保留证据边界。P6已补进程观测和固定操作文件凭据轮换/撤销；生产积压、阶段延迟、提交不明切点、归档备份、容量与发布交付继续推进，尚未完成全平台生产验收，数据库保持无外键。
+- 阶段：P0–P5平台功能已通过阶段回归；[P4/P5原范围核对](reports/phase-4-5.md)和[首批故障边界](reports/phase-6-fault-boundaries.md)保留证据边界。P6已补进程观测、有界业务状态采样和固定操作文件凭据轮换/撤销；生产积压全局聚合、阶段延迟、提交不明切点、归档备份、容量与发布交付继续推进，尚未完成全平台生产验收，数据库保持无外键。
 - 适用范围：Orbit 统一平台，包含 Pulse 任务调度模块、Weave 流程编排模块与公共能力。平台面向多个业务系统复用。
 
 ## 阅读顺序
diff --git a/docs/api/observability.md b/docs/api/observability.md
index d02ca52..9879747 100644
--- a/docs/api/observability.md
+++ b/docs/api/observability.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # 运行指标与告警接入
 
-状态：P6第一批进程观测已实现，指标、采集入口和下方规则均有回归。任务/流程的持久积压和业务阶段延迟仍待补齐；完整生产观测尚未验收。
+状态：P6第一批进程观测及有界业务状态采样已实现，指标、采集入口和下方规则均有回归。采样只提供每节点有限快照，完整生产观测尚未验收。
 
 ## 1. 启用独立采集端口
 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ curl -fsS http://127.0.0.1:9090/metrics
 
 仅 `GET /metrics`（及标准HEAD）提供采集，查询参数返回400。正文使用[Prometheus文本格式0.0.4](https://prometheus.io/docs/instrumenting/exposition_formats/)，Content-Type为 `text/plain; version=0.0.4; charset=utf-8`，Cache-Control为no-store。输出是本节点的运行快照，没有跨节点或跨指标原子快照保证。
 
-每节点同时最多2个采集请求，超出返回503及 `Retry-After: 1`，不排无限等待队列。独立HTTP服务器的读头/读/写/空闲超时分别为2/3/5/15秒，头部限制8 KiB。采集只访问进程内存，不查询业务表；DB池快照在启动时及之后每5秒读取 `database/sql.DBStats`，该调用不执行SQL。
+每节点同时最多2个采集请求，超出返回503及 `Retry-After: 1`，不排无限等待队列。独立HTTP服务器的读头/读/写/空闲超时分别为2/3/5/15秒，头部限制8 KiB。每次HTTP采集只访问进程内存，不查询业务表；DB池快照在启动时及之后每5秒读取 `database/sql.DBStats`，该调用不执行SQL。指标启用后同一个5秒后台采样器另外执行一次有界业务快照：查询固定状态、固定表和固定索引，单状态最多读取10000条，数据库调用使用900ms截止时间；失败只增加错误/超时计数并保留上次成功值，不改变业务事务。
 
 所有指标名称、类型、标签名和取值在代码目录中固定。未知名称、错误类型、非法标签、非有限数值和计数器倒退会被丢弃，并增加 `orbit_observability_rejected_samples_total`。新增指标需要修改目录和回归，不允许业务方动态注册标签。HTTP标签为8种方法、12种路由分类和6种状态分类，两组HTTP族各最多576种标签组合。禁止将任务/流程/租户ID、业务键、URL、参数、原始错误或凭据写入指标。
 
@@ -47,6 +47,16 @@ curl -fsS http://127.0.0.1:9090/metrics
 | `orbit_db_connections_open` / `orbit_db_connections_in_use` / `orbit_db_connections_idle` | gauge | 本节点MySQL连接池当前连接数 |
 | `orbit_db_connections_max_open` | gauge | 池配置的最大连接数 |
 | `orbit_db_wait_count_total` / `orbit_db_wait_duration_seconds_total` | counter | 连接池累计等待次数/秒数，不是数据库锁等待 |
+| `orbit_pulse_tasks_state{state}` | gauge | Pulse任务固定状态的有界计数；单状态达到10000时只保留上限并置截断标记 |
+| `orbit_pulse_tasks_oldest_age_seconds` | gauge | WAITING/LEASED/RUNNING/NEEDS_REVIEW样本中最早可处理时间的年龄 |
+| `orbit_result_deliveries_state{state}` | gauge | 结果交付固定状态的有界计数 |
+| `orbit_result_delivery_oldest_age_seconds` | gauge | PENDING/LEASED交付样本中最早可处理时间的年龄 |
+| `orbit_weave_workflows_state{state}` | gauge | Weave实例固定状态的有界计数 |
+| `orbit_weave_workflow_oldest_age_seconds` | gauge | RUNNING/WAITING/CANCELLING/NEEDS_REVIEW实例样本中最早更新时间的年龄 |
+| `orbit_business_snapshot_total{outcome}` | counter | 有界业务快照成功、错误或超时次数 |
+| `orbit_business_snapshot_duration_seconds` | histogram | 有界业务快照耗时；包含数据库读取 |
+| `orbit_business_snapshot_last_success_timestamp_seconds` | gauge | 最近一次完整成功快照的Unix时间；失败不会推进 |
+| `orbit_business_snapshot_truncated` | gauge | 任一固定状态达到10000上限时为1，否则为0 |
 | `orbit_process_start_time_seconds` / `orbit_process_uptime_seconds` | gauge | 本次指标注册器初始化Unix时间/单调时钟经过的秒数；初始化发生在数据库启动校验之后 |
 | `orbit_go_goroutines` | gauge | Go协程数，按5秒采样 |
 | `orbit_build_info` | gauge | 恒为1，go_version仅取当前编译运行时版本；不是Orbit发布版本 |
@@ -73,11 +83,13 @@ scrape_configs:
 
 示例地址仅适用于同机采集；远程采集需替换为受保护的内部目标。平台运行不依赖采集器、Prometheus或额外数据库。
 
-[五条告警规则](../../deploy/monitoring/orbit.rules.yml)和[离线规则测试](../../deploy/monitoring/orbit.rules.test.yml)包含以下场景：
+[七条告警规则](../../deploy/monitoring/orbit.rules.yml)和[离线规则测试](../../deploy/monitoring/orbit.rules.test.yml)包含以下场景：
 
 - 目标连续2分钟采集失败：检查指标监听、网络和进程，不直接判断业务任务停止。
 - 启动60秒后，某后台组件超过30秒没有成功批次并持续1分钟：结合readiness、批次错误和数据库状态调查。
 - 批次错误速率持续为正2分钟：查日志和原任务/流程审计，不把数据库故障改判成业务失败。
+- 有界业务快照连续没有成功超过30秒（启动宽限60秒）：检查采样超时/错误和MySQL健康；已有状态值可能已经陈旧。
+- 固定状态采样连续达到10000条上限5分钟：状态指标只是有限样本，转用权威数据库查询并进行容量核查。
 - 池累计等待时间增长超过0.1秒/秒并持续5分钟：联查锁等待、慢SQL、CPU和存储，不自动提高连接数。
 - 内部非法指标更新持续出现：检查观测代码契约，不能忽略丢弃的样本。
 
@@ -88,4 +100,4 @@ promtool check rules deploy/monitoring/orbit.rules.yml
 promtool test rules deploy/monitoring/orbit.rules.test.yml
 ```
 
-HTTP失败率和延迟可按route/status_class统计；受理接口响应成功与已完成业务应分别判断。可靠结果量、排队/授权/完成延迟、流程Inbox积压、发送队列、磁盘/复制等仍须补充专门指标；具体当前证据见[验证报告](../reports/phase-6-observability.md)。
+HTTP失败率和延迟可按route/status_class统计；受理接口响应成功与已完成业务应分别判断。业务状态指标是本节点有限样本，不能相加作为全局精确数量；应结合 `orbit_business_snapshot_last_success_timestamp_seconds` 和 `orbit_business_snapshot_truncated` 判断新鲜度与完整性。可靠结果量、排队/授权/完成阶段延迟、流程Inbox推进延迟、发送队列、磁盘/复制等仍须补充专门指标；具体当前证据见[进程观测报告](../reports/phase-6-observability.md)和[有界业务采样报告](../reports/phase-6-business-observability.md)。
diff --git a/docs/reports/phase-6-business-observability.md b/docs/reports/phase-6-business-observability.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d04854
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/reports/phase-6-business-observability.md
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# P6：有界业务状态采样
+
+日期：2026-09-18。本文记录第二批运行观测实现的边界和回归证据。它补充进程级批次指标，用于回答“本节点看到哪些固定状态、最早样本等待多久、采样是否完整”，不把有限样本当作全局业务统计，也不宣称生产容量或高可用已经验收。
+
+## 已实现
+
+- 迁移 `000026_operational_metrics` 为 `pulse_tasks`、`orbit_deliveries`、`weave_instances` 增加固定前缀索引；不增加模型字段，不引入外键或级联。
+- [存储采样器](../../internal/storage/mysql/operational_metrics.go)只拼接代码内固定的表、索引、列名和状态集合。每个状态使用索引读取最多10001条，再将结果封顶到10000；至少一类封顶时 `orbit_business_snapshot_truncated=1`。
+- 采样器先读取数据库UTC时间，再读取任务、结果交付和流程实例固定状态计数及最早未完成年龄。所有调用由独立900ms上下文限制；取消、数据库错误和超时都返回失败，不修改持久化数据。
+- [业务指标记录器](../../internal/observability/business.go)将成功、错误、超时分别计数并记录耗时。失败样本不覆盖最后一次成功状态，同时保留最后成功时间，方便告警区分“旧值可见”和“本轮采集失败”。标签基数和状态取值均在目录中固定。
+- [进程入口](../../cmd/orbit/main.go)仅在显式启用指标时每5秒后台采样；`GET /metrics`仍只渲染进程内存，不在抓取请求中执行SQL。采样错误进入脱敏结构化日志，不能改变任务、交付或流程事务。
+
+## 回归证据
+
+- [业务记录器单测](../../internal/observability/metrics_test.go)验证成功状态、年龄、截断、成功计数和失败后保留最后成功值；超时计数单独增加。
+- [真实MySQL专项](../../internal/storage/mysql/operational_metrics_integration_test.go)验证迁移索引真实存在、数据库外键为0、任务状态被采样、固定状态集合存在、空交付/流程状态不误报，并验证已取消上下文被拒绝。
+- `go test ./...`覆盖编译和普通单测；真实MySQL专项由标准`GO=... DOCKER=... sh scripts/test-mysql.sh`执行，未设置`ORBIT_TEST_MYSQL_DSN`时专项会跳过，不能把跳过当通过。最终标准脚本在Go 1.27.1、darwin/arm64、Docker MySQL 8.4.10环境退出码为0；其中存储/迁移/事务组256.539秒，指标开关进程组5.204秒，流程运行器全停恢复49.333秒，SDK与两个独立业务示例均通过。专项日志确认`TestIntegrationOperationalSnapshot`、`TestIntegrationNoForeignKeysUpgrade`、`TestIntegrationCredentialOperations`及`TestIntegrationCredentialCommitFaults`均PASS。
+- 当前固定目录导出的指标夹具为929159字节，`promtool check metrics`成功；`promtool check rules deploy/monitoring/orbit.rules.yml`报告7条规则成功，`promtool test rules deploy/monitoring/orbit.rules.test.yml`成功。标准验证镜像仅用于离线检查，平台运行不依赖Prometheus。
+
+## 解释和边界
+
+每个Orbit节点都读取自己的有限样本；多节点指标不能直接相加获得全局精确积压。达到10000上限、采样超时、节点重启或节点间时间不同都会影响解释，必须结合截断标记、最后成功时间、数据库权威查询和审计判断。最早年龄使用任务/交付的`available_at`及流程的`updated_at`，它是告警线索，不是端到端受理、授权或完成延迟。
+
+当前仍未完成持久化吞吐与阶段延迟、流程Inbox推进延迟、重试/核查/恢复量、发送队列全局聚合、生产采集通知演练、锁/磁盘/复制指标和多故障域容量验证。此批实现不能替代保留、备份恢复、HA、RPO/RTO及发布验收。
diff --git a/docs/reports/phase-6-observability.md b/docs/reports/phase-6-observability.md
index eccca02..c908ca0 100644
--- a/docs/reports/phase-6-observability.md
+++ b/docs/reports/phase-6-observability.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # P6：进程指标、采集隔离与告警规则
 
-日期：2026-09-18。范围为运行观测第一批，交付HTTP/WS、连接池、后台批次、进程指标和可离线验证的告警规则。P6仍在进行，任务/流程持久积压和阶段延迟没有被本批替代。
+日期：2026-09-18。范围为运行观测第一批，交付HTTP/WS、连接池、后台批次、进程指标和可离线验证的告警规则。本文记录第一批完成时的迁移版本25；后续000026有界业务状态采样见[专项报告](phase-6-business-observability.md)。P6仍在进行，完整生产观测没有被任一批次替代。
 
 ## 实现和边界
 
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 
 ## 独立格式与规则验证
 
-全量有限HTTP组合的文本夹具为926666字节，使用本地已有官方promtool 3.5.0（linux/arm64，revision 8be3a9560fbdd18a94dedec4b747c35178177202）执行`check metrics`，退出0且无格式/命名告警。固定验证镜像摘要为`prom/prometheus@sha256:63805ebb8d2b3920190daf1cb14a60871b16fd38bed42b857a3182bc621f4996`，运行时关闭网络；此版本仅描述实际验证器，不是生产部署版本建议。
+第一批全量有限HTTP组合的文本夹具为926666字节，使用本地已有官方promtool 3.5.0（linux/arm64，revision 8be3a9560fbdd18a94dedec4b747c35178177202）执行`check metrics`，退出0且无格式/命名告警。固定验证镜像摘要为`prom/prometheus@sha256:63805ebb8d2b3920190daf1cb14a60871b16fd38bed42b857a3182bc621f4996`，运行时关闭网络；此版本仅描述实际验证器，不是生产部署版本建议。当前新增业务状态目录的夹具和校验见专项报告。
 
 五条告警规则通过`check rules`；[规则测试](../../deploy/monitoring/orbit.rules.test.yml)通过`test rules`，验证目标失联、启动宽限、组件停滞、健康不报警、错误/等待/非法采样触发及恢复后的解除。
 
diff --git a/internal/observability/business.go b/internal/observability/business.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b8bd9fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/observability/business.go
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package observability
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// BusinessSnapshot 是存储层返回的固定基数业务快照。
+// Map 的键只由存储层固定状态集合产生，Registry 仍只向目录中的标签写值。
+type BusinessSnapshot struct {
+	// TaskStates Pulse 任务状态的有界计数。
+	TaskStates map[string]uint64
+	// TaskOldestAgeSeconds 未完成任务中最早可处理记录的年龄。
+	TaskOldestAgeSeconds float64
+	// DeliveryStates 结果交付状态的有界计数。
+	DeliveryStates map[string]uint64
+	// DeliveryOldestAgeSeconds 待处理交付中最早可处理记录的年龄。
+	DeliveryOldestAgeSeconds float64
+	// WorkflowStates Weave 实例状态的有界计数。
+	WorkflowStates map[string]uint64
+	// WorkflowOldestAgeSeconds 未终结流程中最早更新时间的年龄。
+	WorkflowOldestAgeSeconds float64
+	// Truncated 是否至少有一类状态达到采样上限。
+	Truncated bool
+}
+
+// RecordBusinessSnapshot records one bounded database sample. A failed sample
+// does not overwrite the last successful state, so stale data remains visible
+// together with an error counter and alertable last-success timestamp.
+func (r *Registry) RecordBusinessSnapshot(snapshot BusinessSnapshot, started time.Time, err error) {
+	if r == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	outcome := "success"
+	if err != nil {
+		outcome = "error"
+		if errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+			outcome = "timeout"
+		}
+	}
+	r.AddCounter("orbit_business_snapshot_total", 1, Labels{"outcome": outcome})
+	r.ObserveHistogram("orbit_business_snapshot_duration_seconds", time.Since(started).Seconds(), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	for _, state := range taskStates {
+		r.SetGauge("orbit_pulse_tasks_state", float64(snapshot.TaskStates[state]), Labels{"state": state})
+	}
+	for _, state := range deliveryStates {
+		r.SetGauge("orbit_result_deliveries_state", float64(snapshot.DeliveryStates[state]), Labels{"state": state})
+	}
+	for _, state := range workflowStates {
+		r.SetGauge("orbit_weave_workflows_state", float64(snapshot.WorkflowStates[state]), Labels{"state": state})
+	}
+	r.SetGauge("orbit_pulse_tasks_oldest_age_seconds", snapshot.TaskOldestAgeSeconds, nil)
+	r.SetGauge("orbit_result_delivery_oldest_age_seconds", snapshot.DeliveryOldestAgeSeconds, nil)
+	r.SetGauge("orbit_weave_workflow_oldest_age_seconds", snapshot.WorkflowOldestAgeSeconds, nil)
+	truncated := 0.0
+	if snapshot.Truncated {
+		truncated = 1
+	}
+	r.SetGauge("orbit_business_snapshot_truncated", truncated, nil)
+	r.SetGauge("orbit_business_snapshot_last_success_timestamp_seconds", float64(time.Now().Unix()), nil)
+}
diff --git a/internal/observability/catalog.go b/internal/observability/catalog.go
index 8179308..6c0d1bf 100644
--- a/internal/observability/catalog.go
+++ b/internal/observability/catalog.go
@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@ var methods = []string{"GET", "POST", "PATCH", "PUT", "DELETE", "HEAD", "OPTIONS
 var routes = []string{"health_live", "health_ready", "worker_connect", "event_connect", "tasks", "queues", "workflows", "workflow_definitions", "schedules", "subscriptions", "application_resources", "other"}
 var statusClasses = []string{"1xx", "2xx", "3xx", "4xx", "5xx", "other"}
 var components = []string{"workflow", "schedule", "execution_recovery"}
+var taskStates = []string{"WAITING", "LEASED", "RUNNING", "NEEDS_REVIEW", "SUCCEEDED", "FAILED", "CANCELLED"}
+var deliveryStates = []string{"PENDING", "LEASED", "ACKED", "EXPIRED"}
+var workflowStates = []string{"RUNNING", "WAITING", "CANCELLING", "NEEDS_REVIEW", "SUCCEEDED", "FAILED", "CANCELLED"}
 
 // Every exported family is declared here, including each allowed label value.
 // Adding a metric therefore requires a code review; no user identifier is valid.
@@ -33,5 +36,15 @@ func catalog() map[string]descriptor {
 	}
 	c["orbit_db_wait_count_total"] = descriptor{counter, "Cumulative waits for a MySQL connection", nil}
 	c["orbit_db_wait_duration_seconds_total"] = descriptor{counter, "Cumulative seconds waiting for a MySQL connection", nil}
+	c["orbit_pulse_tasks_state"] = descriptor{gauge, "Bounded count of Pulse tasks by durable state", map[string][]string{"state": taskStates}}
+	c["orbit_pulse_tasks_oldest_age_seconds"] = descriptor{gauge, "Age of the oldest sampled unfinished Pulse task", nil}
+	c["orbit_result_deliveries_state"] = descriptor{gauge, "Bounded count of result deliveries by durable state", map[string][]string{"state": deliveryStates}}
+	c["orbit_result_delivery_oldest_age_seconds"] = descriptor{gauge, "Age of the oldest sampled pending result delivery", nil}
+	c["orbit_weave_workflows_state"] = descriptor{gauge, "Bounded count of Weave instances by durable state", map[string][]string{"state": workflowStates}}
+	c["orbit_weave_workflow_oldest_age_seconds"] = descriptor{gauge, "Age of the oldest sampled unfinished Weave instance", nil}
+	c["orbit_business_snapshot_total"] = descriptor{counter, "Completed bounded business-state snapshots by outcome", map[string][]string{"outcome": {"success", "error", "timeout"}}}
+	c["orbit_business_snapshot_duration_seconds"] = descriptor{histogram, "Bounded business-state snapshot duration in seconds", nil}
+	c["orbit_business_snapshot_last_success_timestamp_seconds"] = descriptor{gauge, "Unix time of the last successful bounded business-state snapshot", nil}
+	c["orbit_business_snapshot_truncated"] = descriptor{gauge, "Whether a bounded business-state sample hit its per-state cap", nil}
 	return c
 }
diff --git a/internal/observability/metrics_test.go b/internal/observability/metrics_test.go
index ab78825..0fb2a76 100644
--- a/internal/observability/metrics_test.go
+++ b/internal/observability/metrics_test.go
@@ -112,6 +112,42 @@ func TestRuntimeObservationDoesNotExposeErrors(t *testing.T) {
 	disabled.RecordBatch("workflow", time.Now(), nil)
 	disabled.RecordDatabase(sql.DBStats{})
 }
+
+func TestBusinessSnapshotKeepsLastGoodStateOnFailure(t *testing.T) {
+	r := NewRegistry()
+	started := time.Now().Add(-25 * time.Millisecond)
+	r.RecordBusinessSnapshot(BusinessSnapshot{
+		TaskStates:               map[string]uint64{"WAITING": 3},
+		TaskOldestAgeSeconds:     12.5,
+		DeliveryStates:           map[string]uint64{"PENDING": 2},
+		DeliveryOldestAgeSeconds: 8.25,
+		WorkflowStates:           map[string]uint64{"RUNNING": 1},
+		WorkflowOldestAgeSeconds: 4.75,
+		Truncated:                true,
+	}, started, nil)
+	first := r.Render()
+	for _, want := range []string{
+		`orbit_pulse_tasks_state{state="WAITING"} 3`,
+		`orbit_result_deliveries_state{state="PENDING"} 2`,
+		`orbit_weave_workflows_state{state="RUNNING"} 1`,
+		"orbit_pulse_tasks_oldest_age_seconds 12.5",
+		"orbit_business_snapshot_truncated 1",
+		`orbit_business_snapshot_total{outcome="success"} 1`,
+	} {
+		if !strings.Contains(first, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("missing business sample %q", want)
+		}
+	}
+	lastSuccess := r.families["orbit_business_snapshot_last_success_timestamp_seconds"].series[""].value.Load()
+	r.RecordBusinessSnapshot(BusinessSnapshot{TaskStates: map[string]uint64{"WAITING": 99}}, time.Now(), context.DeadlineExceeded)
+	second := r.Render()
+	if !strings.Contains(second, `orbit_business_snapshot_total{outcome="timeout"} 1`) || !strings.Contains(second, `orbit_pulse_tasks_state{state="WAITING"} 3`) {
+		t.Fatal("failed sample overwrote good state")
+	}
+	if got := r.families["orbit_business_snapshot_last_success_timestamp_seconds"].series[""].value.Load(); got != lastSuccess {
+		t.Fatal("failed sample changed last success timestamp")
+	}
+}
 func TestHTTPBoundedLabelsAndPanicPreserved(t *testing.T) {
 	r := NewRegistry()
 	h := r.Middleware(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) { w.WriteHeader(202) }))
diff --git a/internal/storage/mysql/application_resources_upgrade_integration_test.go b/internal/storage/mysql/application_resources_upgrade_integration_test.go
index 3b46388..9fccc6f 100644
--- a/internal/storage/mysql/application_resources_upgrade_integration_test.go
+++ b/internal/storage/mysql/application_resources_upgrade_integration_test.go
@@ -65,6 +65,9 @@ func TestIntegrationApplicationResourcesUpgrade(t *testing.T) {
 	assertApplicationCounts(t, f, 4, 2, 1)
 	// 还原后续新增表、字段和索引，得到真实 v9 结构；现有任务内容保持不变。
 	f.exec(`ALTER TABLE orbit_events DROP INDEX ix_event_workflow_history,DROP COLUMN workflow_id`)
+	f.exec(`ALTER TABLE pulse_tasks DROP INDEX ix_task_observe_state_available`)
+	f.exec(`ALTER TABLE orbit_deliveries DROP INDEX ix_delivery_observe_state_available`)
+	f.exec(`ALTER TABLE weave_instances DROP INDEX ix_workflow_observe_state_updated`)
 	f.exec(`DROP TABLE weave_version_scopes`)
 	f.exec(`ALTER TABLE weave_instances DROP INDEX ix_workflow_created,DROP INDEX ix_workflow_state_created,DROP INDEX ix_workflow_business_state_created,DROP INDEX ix_workflow_definition_created,DROP INDEX ix_workflow_definition_state_created,DROP INDEX ix_workflow_definition_business_created,DROP INDEX ix_workflow_definition_business_state_created`)
 	f.exec(`ALTER TABLE weave_signals DROP INDEX ix_signal_history`)
diff --git a/internal/storage/mysql/migrations/000026_operational_metrics.up.sql b/internal/storage/mysql/migrations/000026_operational_metrics.up.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2dca934
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/storage/mysql/migrations/000026_operational_metrics.up.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+-- 为有界运行观测提供按状态和时间的前缀索引。
+-- 采集只读取固定状态的有限样本，不依赖外键或级联关系。
+ALTER TABLE pulse_tasks
+    ADD KEY ix_task_observe_state_available (state, available_at, id);
+
+ALTER TABLE orbit_deliveries
+    ADD KEY ix_delivery_observe_state_available (state, available_at, id);
+
+ALTER TABLE weave_instances
+    ADD KEY ix_workflow_observe_state_updated (state, updated_at, id);
diff --git a/internal/storage/mysql/no_foreign_keys_integration_test.go b/internal/storage/mysql/no_foreign_keys_integration_test.go
index af84793..c2fcd96 100644
--- a/internal/storage/mysql/no_foreign_keys_integration_test.go
+++ b/internal/storage/mysql/no_foreign_keys_integration_test.go
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ func TestIntegrationNoForeignKeysUpgrade(t *testing.T) {
 	indexes := func() []string {
 		t.Helper()
 		// 排除后续新增/替换索引；原有项在此逐项比较，v24/v25新增项由对应Query/Timeline升级测试核对。
-		rows, err := db.QueryContext(ctx, `SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',TABLE_NAME,INDEX_NAME,NON_UNIQUE,SEQ_IN_INDEX,COLUMN_NAME,COALESCE(SUB_PART,0),INDEX_TYPE,IS_VISIBLE) FROM information_schema.STATISTICS WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA=DATABASE() AND TABLE_NAME NOT IN ('orbit_application_resources','orbit_event_streams','orbit_result_events','weave_version_scopes') AND INDEX_NAME NOT IN ('ix_task_priority_dispatch','ix_delivery_subscription_due','ix_delivery_subscription_lease','ix_delivery_history','ix_delivery_state_history','uq_task_retry_parent','fk_pulse_tasks_3','ix_task_queue_business_created','ix_task_queue_business_state_created','uq_weave_task_result','ix_signal_expiry','ix_signal_activation','uq_wait_winner_signal','ix_task_workflow_owner','ix_signal_history','ix_event_workflow_history','ix_workflow_created','ix_workflow_state_created','ix_workflow_business_state_created','ix_workflow_definition_created','ix_workflow_definition_state_created','ix_workflow_definition_business_created','ix_workflow_definition_business_state_created') ORDER BY TABLE_NAME,INDEX_NAME,SEQ_IN_INDEX`)
+		rows, err := db.QueryContext(ctx, `SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',TABLE_NAME,INDEX_NAME,NON_UNIQUE,SEQ_IN_INDEX,COLUMN_NAME,COALESCE(SUB_PART,0),INDEX_TYPE,IS_VISIBLE) FROM information_schema.STATISTICS WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA=DATABASE() AND TABLE_NAME NOT IN ('orbit_application_resources','orbit_event_streams','orbit_result_events','weave_version_scopes') AND INDEX_NAME NOT IN ('ix_task_priority_dispatch','ix_delivery_subscription_due','ix_delivery_subscription_lease','ix_delivery_history','ix_delivery_state_history','uq_task_retry_parent','fk_pulse_tasks_3','ix_task_queue_business_created','ix_task_queue_business_state_created','uq_weave_task_result','ix_signal_expiry','ix_signal_activation','uq_wait_winner_signal','ix_task_workflow_owner','ix_signal_history','ix_event_workflow_history','ix_workflow_created','ix_workflow_state_created','ix_workflow_business_state_created','ix_workflow_definition_created','ix_workflow_definition_state_created','ix_workflow_definition_business_created','ix_workflow_definition_business_state_created','ix_task_observe_state_available','ix_delivery_observe_state_available','ix_workflow_observe_state_updated') ORDER BY TABLE_NAME,INDEX_NAME,SEQ_IN_INDEX`)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
diff --git a/internal/storage/mysql/operational_metrics.go b/internal/storage/mysql/operational_metrics.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4873ad8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/storage/mysql/operational_metrics.go
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+package mysql
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"errors"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const operationalMetricSampleLimit = 10000
+
+// OperationalSnapshot 是进程观测使用的有限数据库快照。
+// Counts 只包含固定状态的有界计数；达到上限时 Truncated 为 true，不能解释为精确总量。
+type OperationalSnapshot struct {
+	// TaskStates 是 Pulse 任务按状态的有界计数。
+	TaskStates map[string]uint64
+	// TaskOldestAgeSeconds 是运行中任务中最早 available_at 的年龄。
+	TaskOldestAgeSeconds float64
+	// DeliveryStates 是结果交付按状态的有界计数。
+	DeliveryStates map[string]uint64
+	// DeliveryOldestAgeSeconds 是待处理交付中最早 available_at 的年龄。
+	DeliveryOldestAgeSeconds float64
+	// WorkflowStates 是 Weave 实例按状态的有界计数。
+	WorkflowStates map[string]uint64
+	// WorkflowOldestAgeSeconds 是未终结流程中最早 updated_at 的年龄。
+	WorkflowOldestAgeSeconds float64
+	// Truncated 表示至少一个状态达到有界采样上限。
+	Truncated bool
+}
+
+var (
+	operationalTaskStates     = []string{"WAITING", "LEASED", "RUNNING", "NEEDS_REVIEW", "SUCCEEDED", "FAILED", "CANCELLED"}
+	operationalDeliveryStates = []string{"PENDING", "LEASED", "ACKED", "EXPIRED"}
+	operationalWorkflowStates = []string{"RUNNING", "WAITING", "CANCELLING", "NEEDS_REVIEW", "SUCCEEDED", "FAILED", "CANCELLED"}
+)
+
+// ReadOperationalSnapshot performs only bounded, indexed reads. It is intended
+// for a background sampler with a short context deadline, never for a request.
+func ReadOperationalSnapshot(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB) (OperationalSnapshot, error) {
+	if db == nil {
+		return OperationalSnapshot{}, errors.New("database is required")
+	}
+	now, err := readDatabaseNow(ctx, db)
+	if err != nil {
+		return OperationalSnapshot{}, err
+	}
+	tasks, taskTruncated, err := boundedStateCounts(ctx, db, "pulse_tasks", "ix_task_observe_state_available", operationalTaskStates)
+	if err != nil {
+		return OperationalSnapshot{}, err
+	}
+	deliveries, deliveryTruncated, err := boundedStateCounts(ctx, db, "orbit_deliveries", "ix_delivery_observe_state_available", operationalDeliveryStates)
+	if err != nil {
+		return OperationalSnapshot{}, err
+	}
+	workflows, workflowTruncated, err := boundedStateCounts(ctx, db, "weave_instances", "ix_workflow_observe_state_updated", operationalWorkflowStates)
+	if err != nil {
+		return OperationalSnapshot{}, err
+	}
+	taskAge, err := oldestAge(ctx, db, "pulse_tasks", "ix_task_observe_state_available", []string{"WAITING", "LEASED", "RUNNING", "NEEDS_REVIEW"}, "available_at", now)
+	if err != nil {
+		return OperationalSnapshot{}, err
+	}
+	deliveryAge, err := oldestAge(ctx, db, "orbit_deliveries", "ix_delivery_observe_state_available", []string{"PENDING", "LEASED"}, "available_at", now)
+	if err != nil {
+		return OperationalSnapshot{}, err
+	}
+	workflowAge, err := oldestAge(ctx, db, "weave_instances", "ix_workflow_observe_state_updated", []string{"RUNNING", "WAITING", "CANCELLING", "NEEDS_REVIEW"}, "updated_at", now)
+	if err != nil {
+		return OperationalSnapshot{}, err
+	}
+	return OperationalSnapshot{
+		TaskStates: tasks, TaskOldestAgeSeconds: taskAge,
+		DeliveryStates: deliveries, DeliveryOldestAgeSeconds: deliveryAge,
+		WorkflowStates: workflows, WorkflowOldestAgeSeconds: workflowAge,
+		Truncated: taskTruncated || deliveryTruncated || workflowTruncated,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func readDatabaseNow(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB) (time.Time, error) {
+	var now time.Time
+	if err := db.QueryRowContext(ctx, "SELECT UTC_TIMESTAMP(6)").Scan(&now); err != nil {
+		return time.Time{}, err
+	}
+	return now.UTC(), nil
+}
+
+func boundedStateCounts(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, table, index string, states []string) (map[string]uint64, bool, error) {
+	counts := make(map[string]uint64, len(states))
+	truncated := false
+	for _, state := range states {
+		query := "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT id FROM " + table + " FORCE INDEX (" + index + ") WHERE state=? LIMIT ?) AS bounded"
+		var n uint64
+		if err := db.QueryRowContext(ctx, query, state, operationalMetricSampleLimit+1).Scan(&n); err != nil {
+			return nil, false, err
+		}
+		if n > operationalMetricSampleLimit {
+			n = operationalMetricSampleLimit
+			truncated = true
+		}
+		counts[state] = n
+	}
+	return counts, truncated, nil
+}
+
+func oldestAge(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB, table, index string, states []string, column string, now time.Time) (float64, error) {
+	placeholders := "?"
+	args := make([]any, 0, len(states))
+	args = append(args, states[0])
+	for _, state := range states[1:] {
+		placeholders += ",?"
+		args = append(args, state)
+	}
+	query := "SELECT " + column + " FROM " + table + " FORCE INDEX (" + index + ") WHERE state IN (" + placeholders + ") ORDER BY " + column + ",id LIMIT 1"
+	var occurred time.Time
+	if err := db.QueryRowContext(ctx, query, args...).Scan(&occurred); err != nil {
+		if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
+			return 0, nil
+		}
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	age := now.Sub(occurred.UTC()).Seconds()
+	if age < 0 {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	return age, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/storage/mysql/operational_metrics_integration_test.go b/internal/storage/mysql/operational_metrics_integration_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba3a4c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/storage/mysql/operational_metrics_integration_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+package mysql
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// TestIntegrationOperationalSnapshot verifies the bounded sampler against the
+// real MySQL grammar and the indexes installed by migration 000026.
+func TestIntegrationOperationalSnapshot(t *testing.T) {
+	dsn := os.Getenv("ORBIT_TEST_MYSQL_DSN")
+	if dsn == "" {
+		t.Skip("set ORBIT_TEST_MYSQL_DSN to a disposable database, or run make integration")
+	}
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 90*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	db, err := Open(ctx, dsn, 16, 4)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer db.Close()
+	if err := Migrate(ctx, db); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := CheckSchema(ctx, db); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	for _, want := range []struct {
+		table string
+		index string
+	}{
+		{"pulse_tasks", "ix_task_observe_state_available"},
+		{"orbit_deliveries", "ix_delivery_observe_state_available"},
+		{"weave_instances", "ix_workflow_observe_state_updated"},
+	} {
+		var n int
+		if err := db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.statistics WHERE table_schema=DATABASE() AND table_name=? AND index_name=?`, want.table, want.index).Scan(&n); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if n == 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("missing operational index %s.%s", want.table, want.index)
+		}
+	}
+	var foreignKeys int
+	if err := db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS WHERE CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA=DATABASE()`).Scan(&foreignKeys); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if foreignKeys != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("operational migration introduced foreign keys: %d", foreignKeys)
+	}
+
+	f := newExecutionFixture(t, ctx, db)
+	f.submit(2)
+	snapshot, err := ReadOperationalSnapshot(ctx, db)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if got := snapshot.TaskStates["WAITING"]; got < 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("waiting task was not observed: %#v", snapshot.TaskStates)
+	}
+	if snapshot.TaskOldestAgeSeconds < 0 || snapshot.DeliveryOldestAgeSeconds < 0 || snapshot.WorkflowOldestAgeSeconds < 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("negative age in snapshot: %#v", snapshot)
+	}
+	for _, state := range []string{"WAITING", "LEASED", "RUNNING", "NEEDS_REVIEW", "SUCCEEDED", "FAILED", "CANCELLED"} {
+		if _, ok := snapshot.TaskStates[state]; !ok {
+			t.Fatalf("missing fixed task state %q", state)
+		}
+	}
+	if _, ok := snapshot.DeliveryStates["PENDING"]; !ok {
+		t.Fatal("missing pending delivery state")
+	}
+	if _, ok := snapshot.WorkflowStates["RUNNING"]; !ok {
+		t.Fatal("missing running workflow state")
+	}
+
+	cancelled, cancelNow := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	cancelNow()
+	if _, err := ReadOperationalSnapshot(cancelled, db); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("cancelled context unexpectedly completed snapshot")
+	}
+}